Low power non-volatile non-charge-based variable supply RFID tag memory

ABSTRACT

Low power non-volatile non-charge-based variable supply RFID tag memory devices and methods for reading and writing predetermined ID values for a RFID tag are described. The RFID tag memory device includes a reference/bias generator that receives and provides voltages and currents for write and read operations, a clocked comparator that provides a voltage comparison with a reference voltage, a shift register that receives a non-charge-based memory component value saved in the shift register, a memory cell that includes non-charge-based memory components to store corresponding predetermined ID values, a ring counter that provides ring signals to enable sequential writing and reading of the predetermined ID values to and from the memory cell, a write decision component that receives ring signals to enable the write operation, an output select/isolation component for reading and a read/write component to enable reading or writing the predetermined ID values in response to received ring signals.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/906,702, filed on Sep. 26, 2019,all of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to medical sensors, and moreparticularly, to a low power non-volatile non-charge-based variablesupply Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag memory device for usein a wireless dosimeter tag for biomedical applications, such as fordetermination of a radiation dosage.

2. DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART

The global market for medical sensors has experienced significant growthin recent years and is expected to continue growing at an acceleratedrate. In fact, the global market demand for medical sensors is expectedto increase more than 50% by the year 2016 compared to 2006. This trendcan be attributed to both constant innovation in sensor system designand the proliferation of novel applications for sensors, including X-rayimaging and radiation dosimetry. The latter category refers to sensorswhich measure X-ray and gamma radiation, also known as ionizingradiation. These sensors are used in a variety of critical procedures,including radiotherapy for cancer treatment and blood irradiation forsterilization. In an effort to minimize costs, the medical industry hasexpressed growing interest over the use of inexpensive, silicon-basedradiation dosimeters, thus defining a new pathway for research in thisarea to meet the set forth requirements.

Recent research initiatives for biomedical applications have addressedthe design of flexible and wearable medical devices for early diseasedetection and prevention health monitoring and reduction of invasivemedical procedures. This has created an increasing demand for flexible,conformal, compact, low-power wireless power transfer (WPT) modules thatare easy to fabricate, low-cost and maintain efficient performance ondiverse host structures. A number of sensors having a variety offunctionalities for the targeted application have been reported in theprior art. These include passive and active circuit designs.

For example, US Patent Application, US2010/0096556A1 to Langis Roy etal., incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, discloses aminiaturized floating gate metal-oxide semiconductor field-effecttransistor (FGMOSFET) radiation sensor. The sensor preferably comprisesa matched pair of sensor and reference FGMOSFETs wherein the sensorFGMOSFET has a larger area floating gate with an extension over a fieldoxide layer, for accumulation of charge and increased sensitivity.

Several patents have been issued on color changing indicators, monitors,detectors, and dosimeters for monitoring a variety of biomedicalprocesses. For example, US patent application, US 2011/0168920 A1 toYoder et al. discloses a device comprising a dosimeter for measuring oneor more doses of radiation; and an RFID tag comprising an antenna forcommunicating with an RFID tag reader and non-volatile memory forstoring data therein. This disclosure utilizes an optically stimulatedluminescence (OSL) sensor that includes a reference filter material andis used to adjust the dose determined by the reference sensor at verylow energies of x-rays or gamma rays.

For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,652,268 to Patel et al. discloses a generalpurpose dosimeter reader for determination of a radiation dosage, basedon comparison of an image of a treated dosimeter with a series of imagesof a pre-treated dosimeter. The dosimeter undergoes a color changeproportional to the dosage. The sensor may have more than one indicatorof the same or different classes. The color change may be a gradualcolor development or intensification; a gradual color fading; a gradualcolor change or an abrupt color change.

For example, U.S. Patent Application US2015/0116093A1 to Swagerdiscloses method of detecting a stimulus that can include detecting anoutput from a radio frequency identification tag including a sensor. Thesensor portion is configured to change resistivity when the stimuluscontacts or interacts with the radio frequency identification tag,whereby the resistivity change alters the output of the radio frequencyidentification tag, wherein the radio frequency identification tagincludes a carbon nanotube or multiple carbon nanotubes.

For example, the French Patent Application, FR2945128A1 discloses adosimeter for use during a radiotherapy treatment session, which has aprinted circuit board wrapped in an envelope forming material, and ametal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) placed onprinted circuit board. A RFID device to identify the dosimeter using anelectronic device such as a memory chip containing data and capable ofusing an antenna to transmit information to a reader is also disclosed.The RFID device may be integrated to the printed circuit board orretrofitted thereon.

One area where such low-power wireless power transfer (WPT) modules maybe beneficial is the preparation of blood products for medicalapplications, such as to prevent the transfusion-associated graft versushost disease (TA-GvHD), where it is imperative that the blood productsare irradiated using X-ray or gamma ray sources. The current radiationmeasurement technology for each blood bag typically relies on radiationsensitive paper tags affixed to each bag that change color when exposedto radiation. The color intensity of the tag indicator corresponds withthe radiation duration of which an allowed radiation dose or deposit istypically up to 50 Gray (Gy) of radiation in each blood bag. Using thevisual observation of the shade of the color of the tag to deduce thecumulative radiation dose delivered to a blood bag can lead to anerroneous or inaccurate reading or result in that it is typically proneto human judgment. Therefore, a blood bag that has received, based onsuch visual observation of the paper tag, above the allowed dose, suchas 50 Gy, must be discarded, even though in actuality it may haveactually have received a radiation dose of 50 Gy or less, resulting in aserious wastage of blood products.

Presently blood products are irradiated in chambers using X-ray orgamma-ray sources to prevent transfusion associated graft versus hostdisease (TA-GvHD). Typically, blood product irradiation is identifiedusing radiation-sensitive color indicators known as RadTags. Onceapplied to the blood bags, these labels give positive, visualverification of irradiation provided when a minimum of 25 gray (Gy) hasbeen received. For example, after irradiation, a human operator visuallychecks the color on each tag to verify that the blood is sufficientlyirradiated. However, this non-quantitative approach makes it difficultfor a human operator to ascertain whether or not the blood in the bloodbag under irradiation has received over 50 Gy, a maximum recommendeddosage, thereby resulting in operational and cost inefficiencies.Currently available dosimeters cannot easily be integrated onto ICs forautomatic readout; therefore, where many blood bags are beingirradiated, it takes time to process all the bags and precision is lostas the operator gets tired. Moreover, rad tags are not reusable, henceincreasing the cost of blood sterilization when large quantities areinvolved.

Previous dosimeter designs have been implemented in an older (thickoxide) CMOS process which is ideal for dosimeter sensitivity, butgenerally not typically-suited to any form of RF wireless readout,although the thicker oxide can facilitate prevention of charge leakageout of the floating gate of the FG-MOSFET sensor. Moreover, a RFID tagidentification (ID), i.e. RFID tag ID, to identify the dosimeter usingan electronic device such as a memory chip containing data and capableof using an antenna to transmit information to a reader likewisedesirably needs to be designed for use in RF wireless dosimetry. TheRFID device or RFID tag ID device needs to be able to be integrated onan integrated circuit chip with a low-power FG-MOSFET radiation sensor,so that the RFID tag ID device can be programmed to identify the objector product irradiated, such as a blood bag, so as to provide anidentification of the object or product irradiated for wirelesstransmission to a reader that reads the RFID tag ID associated with theproduct or object and reads the transmitted irradiation dose received bythe product or object.

It is evident from the current state of art, that current RFID memorytags typically have the aforementioned drawbacks and limitations thatare not particularly suitable for a wireless dosimeter and wirelessdosimeter radiation measurements.

What is desirably needed, such as for wireless dosimetry measurementsand other wireless identification applications, is a low-power or anultra-low power, variable supply, non-charge based, permanent memorycell that stores an identification bit string therein as an ID, thememory cell being on an integrated circuit chip to be used foridentification of the associated chip for wireless transmission andreception related to identification of the chip, such as foridentification of a dosimeter tag associated with a product or objectbeing irradiated, such as a blood bag.

Such low power, variable supply, non-charge based, permanent memory cellis crucial or highly desirable to the operation of the RFID dosimetertag in two ways. First, it is necessary to be able to identify a bloodbag from another blood bag. In an irradiator apparatus, there typicallycan be multiple blood bags close to each other with each having a tagaffixed on it. Therefore, it is desirable and needed to be able toidentify each blood bag from other blood bags in the irradiatorapparatus for tracking purposes to avoid tampering with the blood bags.Second, a low power, variable supply, non-charge based, permanent memorycell is needed and desirable for wireless communication to be able toinitiate a command to a specific tag associated with a product orobject, such as a corresponding blood bag, to send the radiation databack to the reader. If there is no specific identification of the chipsassociated with a product or object, for example, once a read datacommand is sent to the tags, all of them would respond back at the sametime causing jamming or possible error in reading back data transmitted,such as the dosimetry data.

Further, what is needed and desirable is an RFID tag ID device that canaddress challenges faced in designing a robust RFID low power, variablesupply, non-charge based, permanent memory cell that can be on anintegrated circuit chip for various wireless applications, such as foruse in wireless dosimetry tags.

What is further desirable and needed, such as for wireless dosimetry andother applications, is an RFID tag ID device that can have low poweroperation and operation from a range of supply voltages (˜0.5 Volts(V)-1.2 V) of the memory (ID) block, since the RFID tag ID devicetypically will be powered by wireless RF illumination or a supercapacitor as a secondary power source, for example.

What is further desirable and needed, such as for wireless dosimetry andother applications, is an RFID tag ID device that can enable an accurateread operation of the RFID tag ID, as well as an accurate writeoperation for writing the RFID tag ID, such write operation typicallycan be done by either the chip manufacturer or the RFID tag supplier,for example.

What is also desirable and needed, such as for wireless dosimetry andother applications, is an RFID tag ID device that can provide forcorrect operation of the memory, such as presenting the same bit stream,without missing a bit or an incorrect bit read, as well as providing foran acceptable clock spread and comparator layout symmetry.

Additionally, what is desirable and needed, such as for wirelessdosimetry and other applications, is an RFID tag ID device that providesfor correct operation of the memory block in terms of robustness tovariable supply voltage and insensitivity to ionizing radiation, as wellas having a shared reference topology in order to increase the sensingrobustness while reducing circuit complexity and area that canfacilitate less current consumption and, therefore, less powerconsumption for the RFID tag and memory cell operation, for example.

Further, what is desirable and needed, such as for wireless dosimetryand other applications, is an RFID tag ID device that incorporates anelectronic fuse (e-Fuse) memory cell formed in the commerciallyavailable 0.13 μm low-cost radio-frequency complementary metal-oxidesemi-conductor (RF-CMOS) technology for use in a low power X-rayradiation sensor tag system.

Also, what is desirable and needed, such as for wireless dosimetry andother applications, is an RFID tag ID device that incorporates an e-Fusememory cell for use in a low power X-ray radiation sensor tag systemthat does not require higher than a 3.3 V limit for programming, as istypically required for thick gate oxide input/output (TO) transistorsfor programming, as opposed to an anti-fuse option for the memory cell.

Further, what is needed is a wireless radiation dosimeter that can befabricated as a low cost semiconductor device, using a commerciallyavailable low cost semiconductor process, and that addresses limitationsin the currently used technology for radiation measurement, such aswastage of blood, handling errors, and uncertainties of the exactradiation dose received, such as an X-ray dose received.

In this regard, what is needed is a RFID tag ID device for use in amonolithically integrated radiation dosimeter, such as for measuringX-Ray radiation, and that can be manufactured using commerciallyavailable, low-cost radio-frequency complementary metal-oxidesemi-conductor (RF-CMOS) processes, such as a 0.13 μm RF-CMOS process,for use with a monolithically integrated radiation sensor for use inwireless dosimetry.

Therefore, in view of the foregoing, it would be desirable to have anRFID tag ID device suitable for a wireless dosimeter, or otherapplications, formed in a monolithic integrated circuit having anon-charge based nonvolatile one-time programmable read-only memory(OTPROM) using the electronic fuse (e-Fuse) offered in the commerciallyavailable 0.13 μm RF-CMOS process in conjunction with sensing circuitrydesigned to operate with relative stability in the supply range of 0.53V to 1.2 V in a wireless dosimeter, or other applications, thataddresses the aforementioned and other drawbacks, needs and limitations.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

Embodiments of a RFID tag ID device including a low power, variablesupply, non-charge based, permanent memory cell that can be formed on anintegrated circuit chip in RF-CMOS technology, desirably in acommercially available 0.13 μm RF-CMOS process, for various wirelessapplications, such as for use in wireless dosimetry tags for a wirelessradiation dosimeter are described.

Also, embodiments of a RFID tag ID device including a low power,variable supply, non-charge based, permanent memory cell are describedin a monolithic integrated circuit having a non-charge based nonvolatileone-time programmable read-only memory (OTPROM) using the electronicfuse (e-Fuse) offered in a commercially available 0.13 μm RF-CMOSprocess, such as offered by Global Foundries, in conjunction withsensing circuitry designed to operate with relative stability in thesupply range of 0.53 V to 1.2 V in a wireless dosimeter, such as forwireless dosimeter radiation tags that facilitate enabling measuring arelatively exact cumulative dose of radiation received by blood bags, oras RFID tags that can be used in other applications of RFID tags.

Further, embodiments of a RFID tag ID device are described for wirelessdosimeter radiation tags that enable the use RF-CMOS technology enablingefficient RF operation in conjunction with their incorporation into anintegrated circuit chip structure for a wireless dosimeter.

Although, various components are integral to an embodiment of adosimeter tag, embodiments of the invention particularly relate to thestructure, design, fabrication and properties of a RFID tag ID devicefor use in a wireless dosimeter tag for radiation measurement includingcircuitry that can facilitate writing in and reading from a non-volatilememory (NVM) of the RFID tag ID device an identification of apredetermined sequence of bits of a predetermined ID that identify oruniquely identify the RFID tag, such as 8-bit non-charge basednonvolatile one-time programmable read-only memory (OTPROM) using theelectronic fuse (e-Fuse) structure.

Embodiments of a low power non-volatile non-charge-based variable supplyradio frequency identification (RFID) tag memory device, include areference/bias generator configured to receive an input voltage and toprovide output voltages and currents for a write operation and for aread operation of the RFID tag memory device, the reference/biasgenerator including a first isolating component to stop high voltagesduring the write operation from damaging the reference/bias generator, aclocked comparator configured to receive a reference voltage of theprovided output voltages from the reference/bias generator for the readoperation of the RFID tag memory device, the clocked comparatorreceiving the reference voltage from the reference/bias generator and anon-charge-based memory component voltage for comparison, the clockedcomparator providing a non-charge-based memory component value as aresult of the comparison, the non-charge-based memory component valuecorresponding to a predetermined identification (ID) value of anon-charge-based memory component forming part of a predetermined ID fora RFID tag, a shift register in communication with the clockedcomparator and being configured to receive the non-charge-based memorycomponent value as a result of the comparison by the clocked comparatorof the reference voltage from the reference/bias generator and thenon-charge based memory component voltage which is saved in a registerof the shift register corresponding to the predetermined ID value; asystem memory component including a memory cell that includes aplurality of non-charge-based memory components, each non-charge-basedmemory component being configured to be programmed to store thepredetermined ID value for a respective non-charge-based memorycomponent; a ring counter configured to provide a plurality of ringsignals, each ring signal corresponding to one of the plurality ofnon-charge-based memory components for writing to and reading from eachnon-charge-based memory component the predetermined ID value forming thepredetermined ID of the RFID tag, the ring signals of the ring counterenabling the sequential writing of each predetermined ID value to acorresponding one of the non-charge-based memory components, aread/write component associated with the system memory component, theread/write component configured to receive the plurality of ring signalsfrom the shift register ring counter and a read current and a writecurrent from the reference/bias generator to read and write thepredetermined ID values to and from each non-charge-based memorycomponent corresponding to the predetermined ID of the RFID tag; a writedecision component configured to receive the plurality of ring signalsfrom the ring counter -shift register to enable the write operation towrite the predetermined ID value to each non-charge-based memorycomponent corresponding to the predetermined ID of the RFID tag, thewrite decision component being disabled during the read operation of thepredetermined ID value stored to each non-charge-based memory component,an output select/isolation component configured to receive the pluralityof ring signals from the ring counter and a voltage generated from theread/write component corresponding to the predetermined ID value storedin each non-charge-based memory component of the memory cell, theoutput/select isolation component in communication with a secondisolating component to isolate a high writing voltage during the writeoperation from being provided to the clocked comparator.

Also, embodiments of a low power non-volatile non-charge-based variablesupply RFID tag memory device can also desirably include a thirdisolating component associated with the memory cell to minimize avoltage drop in programming of the non-charge-based memory componentswith the corresponding predetermined ID values.

Further, in embodiments of a low power non-volatile non-charge-basedvariable supply RFID tag memory device the reference/bias generator candesirably include a reference resistor that provides a referenceresistance for determining a conducting state or a non-conducting stateof a non-charge based memory component, the conducting state or thenon-conducting state indicating the predetermined ID value for acorresponding one of the non-charge based memory components.

Additionally, in embodiments of a low power non-volatilenon-charge-based variable supply RFID tag memory device each of thenon-charge based memory components in the memory cell is desirably anelectronic fuse (e-Fuse).

Embodiments of methods are described for writing a predeterminedidentification (ID) value to each of a plurality of non-charge-basedmemory components in a low power non-volatile non-charge-based variablesupply radio frequency identification (RFID) tag memory device includinga system memory, a reference/bias generator, a shift register, a ringcounter, a write decision component and a read/write component,including the steps of providing predetermined ID values for eachrespective non-charge-based memory component of the plurality ofnon-charge-based memory components in a memory cell of the system memoryto be programmed to store the predetermined ID value for a respectivenon-charge-based memory component.

The methods for the write operation desirably include providing to thereference/bias generator an input voltage and to provide output voltageand current for selectively enabling writing a conducting state or anon-conducting state for each of a plurality of non-charge-based memorycomponents of the memory cell, receiving by the shift registerpredetermined ID values and saving in corresponding registers of theshift register the non-charge-based memory component predetermined IDvalues; providing a plurality of ring signals from the ring counter,each ring signal corresponding to one of the plurality ofnon-charge-based memory components for writing to a corresponding one ofthe non-charge-based memory components the predetermined ID valueforming the predetermined ID of the RFID tag, the ring signals of thering counter enabling the sequential writing of each predetermined IDvalue to a corresponding one of the non-charge-based memory components;sequentially receiving by the write decision component associated withthe memory cell the plurality of ring signals from the ring counter toselectively enable the write operation to sequentially write thepredetermined ID values to the non-charge-based memory componentscorresponding to the predetermined ID of the RFID tag to store thepredetermined ID values in the non-charge-based memory components, thewrite decision component generating a write decision to selectivelyenable the write operation to write to a corresponding one of theplurality of non-charge based memory components of the memory cell itspredetermined ID value; and sequentially receiving by the read/writecomponent associated with the system memory the plurality of ringsignals from the ring counter, the write decision from the writedecision component and a voltage and current from the reference/biasgenerator for the write operation, and the read/write componentsequentially writing in response to a write decision from the writedecision component the predetermined ID values to each of thenon-charge-based memory components corresponding to the predetermined IDof the RFID tag memory device.

Also, embodiments of methods for reading a predetermined identification(ID) value from each of a plurality of non-charge-based memorycomponents in low power non-volatile non-charge-based variable supplyradio frequency identification (RFID) tag memory device including asystem memory, a reference/bias generator, a clocked comparator, a shiftregister, a ring counter, an output select/isolation component, and aread/write component are described.

The methods for the read operation desirably include providing to thereference/bias generator an input voltage and to provide output voltageand current for selectively reading one of a conducting state or anon-conducting state written into each of a plurality ofnon-charge-based memory components of a memory cell of the systemmemory, providing to the reference/bias generator an input voltage toprovide output voltage and current for a read operation to read from thememory cell the stored predetermined ID values for each of the pluralityof non-charge-based memory components, providing to a 90 degree phaseshifter associated with the clocked comparator a read clock signal togenerate by the 90 degree phase shifter a comparator clock signal,providing the generated comparator clock signal from the 90 degree phaseshifter to the clocked comparator, providing to the shift register, inresponse to each corresponding comparator clock signal from the 90degree phase shifter, shift register clock signals to enable readinginto registers of the shift register stored non-charge-based memorycomponent values corresponding to the stored conducting state or thestored non-conducting state of the non-charge-based memory components inthe memory cell, receiving by the shift register the shift registerclock signals each generated in response to a corresponding read clocksignal for the read operation to save in corresponding registers of theshift register the non-charge-based memory component valuescorresponding to the predetermined ID values, providing a plurality ofring signals from the ring counter, each ring signal corresponding toone of the plurality of non-charge-based memory components for readingthe stored conducting state or stored non-conducting state of thenon-charge-based memory components corresponding to the predetermined IDvalues forming the predetermined ID of the RFID tag, the ring signals ofthe ring counter enabling the sequential reading of each predeterminedID value for each of the non-charge-based memory components to acorresponding register of the shift register, sequentially receiving bythe read/write component associated with the system memory the pluralityof ring signals from the ring counter and voltage and current for theread operation from the reference/bias generator to enable sequentiallyreading the predetermined ID values corresponding to the storedconducting state or the stored non-conducting state of thenon-charge-based memory components from each of the non-charge-basedmemory components corresponding to the predetermined ID of the RFID tag,receiving by the output select/isolation component the plurality of ringsignals from the ring counter and a voltage generated from theread/write the stored conducting state or the stored non-conductingstate of the non-charge-based memory components from the memory cell toprovide to the clocked comparator for comparison with a referencevoltage to provide corresponding non-charge-based memory componentvalues as a result of the comparison to provide to correspondingregisters of the shift register the non-charge-based memory componentvalues for readout from the shift register corresponding to thepredetermined ID values corresponding to the predetermined ID of theRFID tag memory device.

These, and other features of the invention, will become more apparentfrom the following specification and drawings, in which reference ismade to the appended drawings, illustrating embodiments of theinvention, by way of example only.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a system-level diagram illustrating embodiments of a systemand a method for determining an amount of delivered radiation dose toblood bags each associated with a wireless X-ray dosimeter chip-enabledtag having an RFID tag having a predetermined ID corresponding topredetermined ID values of e-Fuses in a memory cell or fuse cell of aRFID tag ID device, according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a system-level diagram illustrating an embodiment of awireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag having an RFID tag having an RFIDtag ID having the predetermined ID corresponding the predetermined IDvalues of the e-Fuses in the memory cell or fuse cell of the RFID tag IDdevice associated with the sub-modules of the wireless dosimeterchip-enabled tag, according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 shows a diagrammatic illustration of an embodiment of theintegrated circuit chip for the RFID tag ID device, such as for awireless radiation dosimeter or other applications, according to thepresent invention.

FIG. 4 shows a schematic block diagram of circuitry and a schematiccircuit chip layout for embodiments of a RFID tag ID device, such as fora wireless radiation dosimeter, according to the present invention.

FIG. 5A shows a schematic block diagram of the circuitry for anembodiment of a reference/bias generator of FIG. 4 for embodiments of aRFID tag ID device, according to the present invention.

FIG. 5B shows a schematic block diagram of the circuitry for anembodiment of a clocked comparator and shift register in communicationwith gate circuitry of FIG. 4 for reading in a bit data pattern to theregisters to be written to the e-Fuses of a memory cell or fuse cell forembodiments of a RFID tag ID device, according to the present invention.

FIG. 5C shows in more detail a schematic block diagram of an embodimentof the circuitry for an e-Fuse programming system block component ofFIG. 4 including write decision circuitry in communication with thee-Fuses of the memory cell or fuse cell in for embodiments of a RFID tagID device, according to the present invention.

FIG. 5D shows a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of thecircuitry for components of a memory system component block for anoutput select/isolation component block for embodiments of a RFID tag IDdevice, according to the present invention.

FIG. 5E shows a schematic block diagram of the circuitry for anembodiment of a clocked comparator of FIG. 4 , such as a clocked strongarm latch comparator for sensing the predetermined ID values of thee-Fuses of the memory cell or fuse cell in reading out the predeterminedID values for the corresponding e-Fuse for embodiments of a RFID tag IDdevice, according to the present invention.

FIG. 5F shows a schematic block diagram of circuitry and a schematiccircuit chip layout for an embodiment of the clocked comparator of FIG.4 , such as a clocked strong arm latch comparator of FIG. 5E, forembodiments of a RFID tag ID device, according to the present invention.

FIG. 6 shows a table illustrating exemplary input signals from read andwrite operations for the non-volatile memory (NVM) e-Fuses of the memorycell or fuse cell for embodiments of the RFID tag ID device circuitry ofFIG. 4 , associated with writing into the NVM memory and reading fromthe NVM memory the predetermined ID values corresponding to a RFID tagID, according to the present invention.

FIG. 7 shows a schematic block diagram of circuitry and a schematiccircuit chip layout for embodiments of a RFID tag ID device of FIG. 4illustrating circuitry associated with and embodiments of methods for awrite operation for the non-volatile memory (NVM) e-Fuses of the memorycell or fuse cell for writing into the NVM memory the predetermined IDvalues corresponding to a RFID tag ID, according to the presentinvention.

FIG. 8 is a graphic illustration of fuse writing operation samplesignals plotted as voltage (V) versus time T in microseconds (μs) inembodiments of methods for a write operation to write predetermined IDvalues into the non-volatile memory (NVM) e-Fuses of the fuse cell ormemory cell for embodiments of a RFID tag ID device of FIG. 4 for acorresponding RFID tag, according to the present invention.

FIG. 9 shows a schematic block diagram of circuitry and a schematiccircuit chip layout for embodiments of a RFID tag ID device of FIG. 4illustrating circuitry associated with and embodiments of methods for aread operation for the non-volatile memory (NVM) e-Fuses of the fusecell or memory cell for reading from the NVM memory the predetermined IDvalues corresponding to a RFID tag ID, according to the presentinvention.

FIG. 10 is a graphic illustration of a fuse read operation signal flowplotted as voltage in volts (V) versus time T in microseconds (μs) inembodiments of methods for a read operation to read the predetermined IDvalues from the non-volatile memory (NVM) e-Fuses of the fuse cell forembodiments of a RFID tag ID device of FIG. 4 for a corresponding RFIDtag ID, according to the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a graphic illustration of direct current (DC) current flowthrough the current source block of the reference/bias generator forembodiments of a RFID tag ID device of FIG. 4 indicating the current inmicroamperes (μA) versus the voltage V_(DD) (V) for reading thepredetermined ID value of a low resistance, i.e., connected, e-Fuse ofthe memory cell or fuse cell, according to the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a graphic illustration of direct current (DC) current flowthrough the current source block of the reference/bias generator forembodiments of a RFID tag ID device of FIG. 4 indicating the V_(DD)current draw in microamperes (μA) versus the voltage V_(DD) (V) forreading the predetermined ID value of a high resistance, i.e., blown ornot connected, e-Fuse of the memory cell or fuse cell, according to thepresent invention.

FIG. 13 is a graphic illustration of DC values of V_(REF), V_(FUSE), andV_(BIAS) for embodiments of a RFID tag ID device of FIG. 4 indicatingthe voltage (V) versus the voltage V_(P) (V) for of a low resistance,i.e., connected, e-Fuse of the memory cell or fuse cell as per V_(DD)sweep, according to the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a graphic illustration of DC values of V_(REF), V_(FUSE), andV_(BIAS) for embodiments of a RFID tag ID device of FIG. 4 indicatingthe voltage in millivolts (mV) versus the voltage V_(DD) (V) for of ahigh resistance, i.e., blown or not connected, e-Fuse of the memory cellor fuse cell as per V_(DD) sweep, according to the present invention.

Unless otherwise indicated, similar reference characters denotecorresponding features consistently throughout the attached drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the disclosure relate to designs and components of RFIDtag ID devices in RF-CMOS technology for wireless dosimetry measurementsand other wireless identification applications, that include a low-poweror an ultra-low power, variable supply, non-charge based, permanentmemory cell that stores an identification bit string therein, the RFIDtag ID devices including a memory cell, such as of e-Fuses, the RFID tagID device being on an integrated circuit chip to be used foridentification of the associated chip or RFID tag, for wirelesstransmission and reception related to identification of the RFID tag,such as for identification of a dosimeter tag associated with a productor object being irradiated with which the RFID tag is associated, suchas blood in a blood bag. Embodiments of the disclosure also relate tomethods for programming, i.e. writing, and for reading the predeterminedID values of the e-fuses of the memory cell or fuse cell of theembodiments of the RFID tag ID device to identify the chip-enabled taghaving the RFID tag ID.

The term “irradiation”, as is used herein, can include, but is notlimited to the conventional meaning of the term “irradiation”, i.e.,exposure to high energy charge particles, e.g., electrons, protons,alpha particles, etc., or electromagnetic radiation of wave-lengthsshorter than those of visible light, e.g., gamma rays, X-rays,UltraViolet, etc.

Further, as used herein, for example, the term “dosimeter” refers to adevice used to measure an absorbed dose of ionizing radiation.

Also, as used herein, the term “ionizing radiation” refers to any ofvarious particulate radiation or electromagnetic radiation that iscapable of dissociating atoms into a positively and negatively chargedion pair.

In embodiments of the RFID tag ID device, also referred to as a RFID tagmemory device, such as the RFID tag ID device 213 (FIG. 2 ), a NVMdesign was undertaken in 0.13 μm RF-CMOS to meet the unique wirelessdosimeter specifications. Embodiments of the RFID tag ID device includeda 8-bit non-charge based nonvolatile one-time programmable read-onlymemory (OTPROM) using the electronic fuse (e-Fuse) offered in thestandard 0.13 μm RF-CMOS with no additional processing overhead mask.The sensing circuitry of the RFID tag ID device is designed to operatestably in the supply range of 0.53V →1.2 V, for example, as can enablethe RFID tag ID device to operate correctly even if the supply voltagedrops due to unforeseen circumstances or operating off of a supercapacitor. Low voltage operation is possible through a supplyindependent current reference block of the RFID tag ID device settingthe current through the reference and each e-Fuse of the memory cell,for example.

Another significant feature of embodiments of the RFID tag ID device,such as the RFID tag ID device 213, is that it facilitates overcomingthe challenge of isolating the programming circuit block of the RFID tagID device, which desirably operates at 3.3 V, from the sensing circuitblock of the RFID tag ID device which desirably operates at low voltagesusing 1.2 V MOSFETs that cannot withstand higher supplies. In suchembodiments of the RFID tag ID device, the lowest sensing current of˜114 μA is drawn at a supply of 0.53 V, resulting in a power consumptionof 60.42 μW, and the overall area of the memory block or memory cell ofthe RFID tag ID device desirably is 220 μm×140 μm, for example. Also, inembodiments of the RFID tag ID device, the sensing block desirablyutilizes the strong arm latch design which typically only requires aclock signal to pre-charge the line and, instead of passing through eache-Fuse, it passes through the input transistors which desirablyfacilitate the avoidance of extra metal routing, for example.

A RFID tag and embodiments of the RFID tag ID device, as describedherein, are particularly useful for the specific application of agamma-ray and X-ray dosimeter, such as used in blood irradiation.Typically, it is a common practice to design a non-volatile memory blockusing charge-based memory bits (floating-gate devices such as flashmemory), such as for an operation of the RFID tags where no ionizingradiation present. However, for applications involving the presence ofionizing radiation, such as in blood irradiation, ionizing radiationalters the amount of charge placed on the memory bits to represent each‘1’ and ‘0’, hence making charge-based memory cells unusable. Therefore,embodiments of non-charge based memory cells are described that useavailable “e-Fuse” devices, such as offered by the 0.13 μm RF-CMOStechnology by Global Foundries, for example. Use of such e-Fuses isadvantageous in that they provide a one-time programmable read-onlynon-charge based non-volatile memory cell which is fixed in dimensions.The e-Fuses work as a variable resistor in that if the e-Fuse is intact,it measures a resistance of around 50 ohms to 150 ohms which can beinterpreted as a digital ‘0’, and if it is “burnt” by passing a one-timelarge current of 10-15 milliamperes (mA), then the e-Fuse is broken andit reads a higher resistance. This higher resistance can be interpretedas a digital ‘1’. Use of e-Fuses therefore provides for measurements andmeasurement methods that are robust in that ionizing radiation exposurecannot deter the preset value of the bit to a logic ‘0’ or ‘1’ and itoffers the added security in that once the memory bit is written intothe e-Fuses, they cannot be changed or tampered with by any user eitherintentionally or otherwise.

For the readout (sensing) block in embodiments of the RFID tag IDdevice, a shared reference topology is desirable in order to increasethe sensing robustness while reducing circuit complexity and area of theRFID tag ID device, as can be desirable for various applications, suchas for a wireless dosimeter chip, for example. Also having one referencecan be advantageous in that it facilitates less current consumptionwhich ultimately means less power consumption for the RFID tag IDdevice, as can be desirable for wireless dosimetry applications.

As for the number of bits for the memory cell of the RFID tag ID device,the embodiments described herein desirably utilized an 8-bit memory forproviding predetermined ID values for the predetermined ID, such as foran RFID tag for identifying a plurality of blood bags being or to beirradiated. In embodiments of the RFID tag ID device, the two overallmemory block operations are to program (write) and to sense (read) eachmemory bit (cell). Desirably, when there are eight cells or e-Fusesbuilt into the memory block, there is provided 256 unique combinationsof bit patterns for the predetermined ID. The memory can be expandableto more bits for the predetermined ID as needed. Also, in embodiments ofthe RFID tag ID device, desirably a serial input, serial and/or paralleloutput configuration is used to design the memory cell block. To write(burn) a ‘1’ in the memory bit, typically a 3.3 V signal for 200 μs ormore is required to carry 10-15 mA of current through an e-Fuse. Towrite a ‘0’, no voltage is applied (the e-Fuse is intact). However, thenumber of memory bits for providing predetermined ID values for thepredetermined ID can be any number of bits, such as provided by e-Fuses,as can depend on the use or application and should not be construed in alimiting sense.

The following examples are provided by way of illustration to furtherillustrate the exemplary embodiments of a RFID tag ID devices thatinclude a low-power or an ultra-low power, variable supply, non-chargebased, permanent memory cell that stores an identification bit stringtherein, such as for use with an X-ray wireless dosimeter chip-enabledtag for blood bags to uniquely identify or differentiate each blood bagfrom another blood bag. The RFID tag ID devices can also be used forother applications, such as for vehicle identification, as for tollcollection, and product or item identification, for example. However,the embodiments of a RFID tag ID device and associated wirelessdosimeter chip-enabled tags can have still other uses or applications,and therefore such examples are not intended to limit its scope orapplication. Also, the following examples illustrate embodiments ofmethods for programming and reading a RFID tag ID associated with a RFIDtag ID device that includes a low-power or an ultra-low power, variablesupply, non-charge based, permanent memory cell that stores anidentification bit string therein providing predetermined ID valuescorresponding to a predetermined ID for a corresponding RFID tag, forexample.

FIG. 1 is a system-level diagram illustrating embodiments of a systemand a method for determining an amount of delivered radiation dose toblood bags each associated with a wireless X-ray dosimeter chip-enabledtag 101 having an RFID tag ID having the predetermined ID correspondingthe predetermined ID values of the e-Fuses in the memory cell or fusecell of a RFID tag ID device, according to the present invention. In anexemplary embodiment of FIG. 1 , there is shown a system-level diagramfor determining an amount of a delivered radiation dose to blood inblood bags including the wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 101, suchas for measuring a radiation dose from X-rays, in communication with aspecific blood bag 105, a plurality of blood bags 105 and associatedwireless dosimeter chip-enabled tags 101 being illustrated in FIG. 1 ,housed inside an irradiation apparatus 113, such as a Raycell MK2 BloodIrradiator.

The RFID wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tags 101 are applied tocorresponding specific blood bags 105 and the blood bags 105 associatedwith the RFID wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tags 101 are then placedin an irradiation canister 115 of the irradiation apparatus 113. Eachwireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 101 has an identification (ID) valuecorresponding to a specific blood bag 105. The irradiation apparatus 113includes an inner canister 103 that houses the blood bags 105 includingthe blood to be irradiated. The irradiation canister 115 and theirradiation apparatus 113 can also include an RF opening or portal 107through which the RFID wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tags 101 throughan associated antenna 102 can communicate with a dosimeter reader 117.An amplitude-shift keying (ASK) signal (Tag ID 2.45 GHz RF signal) 111is transmitted from the dosimeter reader 117 though an antenna 119. Thesignal transmitted from the dosimeter reader 117, such as a modulatedradio frequency signal, contains the predetermined ID corresponding tothe wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 101 associated with thepredetermined ID. After receipt of the signal 111 from the dosimeterreader 117 received by the corresponding antenna 102, a back scatteredsignal 109 from the corresponding wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag101 associated with the predetermined ID containing the information fromthe respective wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 101 is transmitted bythe respective antenna 102 and received by the antenna 119 of thedosimeter reader 117. The received back scattered signal 109 containingthe information or data corresponding to a specific blood bag 105 isread by the dosimeter reader 117.

The dosimeter reader 117 is placed at a suitable distance from theirradiation apparatus 113, as can depend on the use or application, suchas typically at a maximum distance of up to 1 meter (m), from theirradiation apparatus 113, to receive the radiation dosage measured bythe wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tags 101 associated with thespecific blood bags 105 having the respective predetermined ID values.The dosimeter reader 117 can store or can read out, such as wirelesslythrough the antenna 119 or through a wired connection, the informationor data in the respective received backscatter signals 109 from thecorresponding wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tags 101, such as themeasured radiation dose respectively applied to blood in the specificblood bags 105, or other applicable data for the blood in the specificblood bag 105, such as the temperature of the blood irradiated, time ofirradiation or other applicable information or data, for example.

The exemplary 2.45 GHz X-ray wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 101 isintended to replace or is a substitute for the aforementioned colorindicator RadTag labels. The 2.45 GHz wireless dosimeter chip-enabledtag 101 is typically used as a semi-passive RFID tag employingbackscatter modulation and wireless power transfer to facilitate minimalpower consumption and a low-form factor. The wireless dosimeterchip-enabled tag 101 associated with embodiments of the antenna 102desirably includes an energy harvesting unit, such as a rectifier and acapacitor-for self-powered operation.

Also, embodiments of the wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 101 includea suitable wireless X-ray dosimeter chip-enabled tag sensor, such asembodiments of a low-power FG-MOSFET sensor in RF-CMOS technology, whichsense the received radiation dosage to the blood bag 105, signalprocessing electronics, such as a suitable processor and associatedmemory, that convert measured data to pulses and a transmitter ormodulator that sends the pulses through the antenna 102 to the dosimeterreader 117 operating in the same frequency band. Similar to the RadTaglabels, the wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tags are to be applied tothe blood bags 105 as schematically depicted in FIG. 1 . The wirelessdosimeter chip-enabled tags 101 desirably are configured to communicatewith the RF reader, such as the dosimeter reader 117, typically at amaximum distance of one meter for blood irradiation measurements, forexample. Also, it is desirable that power consumption of the wirelessdosimeter chip-enabled tag 101 is estimated to consume a power of 263microwatts (μW) with a nominal supply of 1.2 volts (V), for example,although the power consumed can depend on the use or application, andshould not be construed in a limiting sense.

FIG. 2 is a system-level diagram illustrating an embodiment of awireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 200 corresponding to the wirelessdosimeter chip-enabled tag 101 of FIG. 1 . The wireless dosimeterchip-enabled tag 200 has a predetermined ID corresponding topredetermined ID values of e-Fuses in a memory cell or fuse cell of aRFID tag ID device 213 and includes other sub-modules of the wirelessdosimeter chip-enabled tag 200. The RFID tag ID device is a necessarycircuit block within the RFID tag in that is the memory block which canpermanently keep a unique device ID for the wireless dosimeterchip-enabled tag 200. The system-level diagram of a RFID wirelessdosimeter chip-enabled tag 200 and its sub-modules, as an exemplaryembodiment of the wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 101, are desirablyimplemented in a 130 nanometer (nm) complementary metal oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) process, for example, and desirably is integrallyformed on an integrated circuit chip, such as a wireless electronicsilicon-based dosimeter chip, for example. The dosimeter of the RFIDwireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 200 is realized in a semi-passiveRFID (radio frequency identification) tag configuration employingbackscatter and a wireless RF energy harvesting module for low-poweroperation and low-form factor.

The wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 200 is uniquely identified by apredetermined ID which is desirably hard-coded into the tag's integratedcircuit (IC) in the e-Fuses in a memory cell or fuse cell of the RFIDtag ID device 213. The wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 200 includesan antenna 205 to receive an ASK signal 201 and to transmit a PSKbackscattered signal 203. The ASK signal 201, such as a constant waveradio frequency (CW RF) signal, is transmitted via the antenna 205 to ademodulator 221 to demodulate the received ASK signal 201 and is coupledwith a decoder 219 to decode the received ASK signal 201 and anoscillator 217 to generate signals for operation of the wirelessdosimeter chip-enabled tag 200. The decoder 219 is in communication withthe RFID tag ID device 213, which includes a unique or predetermined IDassociated with the wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 200, asdescribed herein. The RFID tag ID device 213 is in communication with asignal processing engine (SPE) 209, or other suitable processor,including or associated with a memory for programs, instructions or datastorage for operation and control of the wireless dosimeter chip-enabledtag 200, such for processing, transmitting or receiving requests, dataor information in or by the wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 200. TheSPE 209 is coupled to a modulator 207 which modulates and formats aninformation or data signal, such as the PSK backscatter signal 203, fortransmission from the antenna 205 to a receiver, such as to thedosimeter reader 117.

The wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 200 further desirably includes atemperature sensor 211 to sense the temperature of an object, fluid orother medium associated with the wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag200, such as blood in the blood bag 105 being irradiated, an energyharvester 223 which harvests the energy from the received ASK signal 201which is in communication with an energy storage module 225 to store theenergy from the received ASK signal 201, which is in turn incommunication with a low-power FG-MOSFET sensor in RF-CMOS technologyradiation sensor 215 that senses an amount of radiation delivered to anobject, such as blood in the blood bag 105. The components of thewireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 200 are communicatively associatedwith each other through the SPE 209 to perform the functions andoperations of the wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 200, such as todetermine an amount of radiation delivered to the blood bag 105. Thewireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 200 can be modified to perform otherapplications, as can utilize similar components to those described andadditional components for such other applications, for example. Tocommunicate with a specific wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 200, areader, such as the dosimeter reader 117, transmits the ASK signal 201,such as an ultra-high frequency (UHF) 2.45 GHz ASK-modulated signal 201,containing the unique or predetermined ID of the wireless dosimeterchip-enabled tag 200 it wishes to interrogate for data or information,such as the amount of radiation delivered to blood in a specific bloodbag 105, for example.

For example, each wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 200, such as thewireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 101 inside the irradiation apparatus113, such as the Raycell Mk2 irradiator, demodulates the RF signalreceived through the antenna 205 and compares the received ID to its ownunique or predetermined ID. If the IDs match, the wireless dosimeterchip-enabled tag 200 transmits its predetermined ID from the tag ID 213,a sensed X-ray dose from the radiation sensor 215, and measuredtemperature from the temperature sensor 211 through the antenna 205 to areceiver, such as the dosimeter reader 117, using backscattermodulation. For example, the dosimeter reader 117 establishes abackscatter link by broadcasting a 2.45 GHz CW carrier tone as the ASKsignal 201. During uplink communication, the specified wirelessdosimeter chip-enabled tag 200 modulates its data, such as radiation,temperature and the predetermined ID value, onto this CW carrier signalusing PSK modulation, and reflects the signal as the PSK backscatteredsignal 203 back to the dosimeter reader 117. Desirably, theinterrogations of the wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 200, and thetransmission and reception communications are carried out using theantenna 205 operating at 2.45 GHz, for example. Examples of a suitableantenna 205 are described in Sansui et al., “Development of a 2.45 GHzAntenna for Flexible Compact Radiation Dosimeter Tags”, IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation”, Apr. 16, 2019.

FIG. 3 shows a diagrammatic illustration of an embodiment of theintegrated circuit chip 300 for the RFID tag ID device 213, such as fora wireless radiation dosimeter or other applications, according to thepresent invention. The overall memory chip layout for the integratedcircuit chip 300, schematically shown in FIG. 3 includes all the input,output and test signal pads. The overall chip integrated circuit chip300 measures at 1.5 millimeters (mm)×1.5 mm including the bonding pads,which is then incorporated in a wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag,such as the wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 200, for example.

FIG. 4 shows a schematic block diagram of circuitry and a schematiccircuit chip layout for embodiments of a RFID tag ID device or a RFIDtag memory device 400, corresponding to the RFID tag ID device 213, suchas for a wireless radiation dosimeter, according to the presentinvention.

The RFID tag ID device 400 has two major roles within a blood bagirradiation dosimeter system. The first role relates to the necessity tobe able to identify a blood bag from another blood bag by the unique bitpattern that each dosimeter tag memory block has saved in it. Forexample, in an irradiation apparatus, such as the irradiation apparatus113, there can be multiple blood bags close to each other with eachblood bag having a tag affixed on it and it is desirable that each bloodbag be required to be identified from each other blood bag for trackingpurposes. The second role relates to the necessity to be able toinitiate a command to a specific RFID tag to send the radiation databack to the reader for that specific RFID tag. If there is no specificidentification for each of the RFID tags, once a read data command issent to the RFID tags, it is likely all of the RFID tags would respondback at the same time and that likely would cause jamming or possibleerror in the reading back of the dosimetry data measured or recorded bythe RFID tag, for example.

The RFID tag ID device 400 includes a plurality of inputs 401, 402, 403,404 and 405, indicated in FIG. 4 for the write operation of thepredetermined ID values to e-Fuses 443 and the read operation of readingthe predetermined ID values of the e-Fuses 443 from the memory cell orfuse cell 442 that provide the predetermined ID for the RFID tag, suchas the RFID tag 200, for example.

The RFID tag ID device 400 includes a reference/bias generator 410 thatprovides currents and voltages as indicated FIG. 4 and FIGS. 5A-5E, 7and 9 that facilitate minimizing or reducing fluctuations in the on-chipgenerated useful power which can translate into undesirable fluctuationsin the V_(DD) signal. Considering that the RFID tag is designed forwireless operation and powered wirelessly using an external source suchas power in a received RF signal, such as from the ASK signal & CW RF201 signal, fluctuations in the on-chip generated useful power can occurwhich can translate into fluctuations in the V_(DD) signal. Fluctuationsin the V_(DD) signal can typically be detrimental to the correctoperation of the memory block of the RFID tag ID device 400. Thecurrents and voltages provided by the reference/bias generator 410facilitate immunizing the read operation of the e-Fuses 443 in thememory cell or fuse cell 442 against unavoidable fluctuations. Anychanges in V_(DD) could result in unpredictable changes mainly inincorrect memory cell reading. For example, if the actual bits whichcorrespond to the predetermined ID values for the predetermined ID are011001101, then V_(DD) fluctuations could mistakenly read suchpredetermined ID values in the memory cell or fuse cell as any randomvalue, such as 01000101.

FIG. 5A shows a schematic block diagram of the circuitry for anembodiment of a reference/bias generator 410 of FIG. 4 for embodimentsof a RFID tag ID device 400, according to the present invention. Thereference/bias generator 410 includes a start-up component block 502that receives the voltages indicated in FIG. 5A for generation of thevoltages and currents for operation of the RFID tag ID device 400. Thereference/bias generator 410 also includes current reference componentblock 504 that provides currents for operation of the RFID tag ID device400. Further, the reference/bias generator 410 includes a referencesense component 508 circuit that senses the presence of a set referencevoltage used in comparing the e-Fuse 443 state with the set referencevoltage in order to decide whether the e-Fuse 443 is at a ‘0’ or ‘1’state, for example, the reference sense component 508 providing thereference voltage to a reference resistor 506.

Also included in FIG. 5A in the reference/bias generator 410 is thereference resistor 506 that provides a reference resistance used in thedetermination of whether a non-charge based memory component is in acertain state, such as a first state or a second state indicating thepredetermined ID value for a non-charge based memory component, such asfor the e-Fuse 443 or other suitable non-charged based component, as candepend on the use or application, and should not be construed in alimiting sense. For example, for an e-Fuse 443, if the e-Fuse 443 isblown, in a non-conducting state, or if the e-Fuse 443 is intact, in aconducting state, such conducting or non-conducting state indicates apredetermined ID value for the e-Fuse 443. The reference resistor 506can provide a resistance to determine if the e-Fuse 443 is intact, andit provides a resistance to measure a resistance of around 50 ohms to150 ohms which can be interpreted as a digital ‘0’ indicating the e-Fuse443 is intact, and if it is “burnt”, such by passing a one-time largecurrent of 10-15 mA, then the fuse is broken and it reads a higherresistance. This higher resistance can be interpreted as a digital ‘1’.The reference/bias generator 410 also includes an isolating component,such as an isolating PMOS transistor 510. Isolation of the low voltage“reference/bias generation” block uses the isolating PMOS transistor510, such as a 100 μm wide MOSFET ‘X’ (See also FIGS. 7 and 9 ). Once avoltage V_(DDH)=3.3 V is applied, the PMOS ‘X’ turns off which isolatesthe “reference/bias generation” block from the high voltage 3.3 V “FPOS”node. The 100 μm PMOS device acts to stop the high voltages during awrite operation from breaking and damaging the circuit in thereference/bias generator 410 block.

Continuing with reference to FIG. 5A, in order to minimize-fluctuationsof current output with respect to V_(DD) and also to facilitate thatV_(REF) and V_(FUSE) do not cross each other, a current reference andbias generator circuit was provided as the reference/bias generator 410.In the reference/bias generator 410 of FIG. 5A, the MOSFETs T3, T7, T8,T6 and resistor OPrpp8 create a current reference circuit for generationof a reference current. The MOSFETs T35, T4, and resistor OPppc0 createa startup circuit. The sizes of these components are desirably adjustedto reduce the current consumption in this part of the reference/biasgenerator 410 circuit. The reference/bias generator 410 circuit blockfacilitates minimizing fluctuations of current output with respect toV_(DD) and also facilitate ensuring that V_(REF) and V_(FUSE) do notcross each other. The choices made in the MOSFETs in the reference/biasgenerator 410 circuitry also are such to facilitate minimizing theionizing radiation effect on the circuit components, such as bydesirably using regular “thin” oxide MOSFETs where needed and using“thick” oxide transistors elsewhere. The thick oxide MOSFETs are notedwith “33” beside each MOSFET in FIG. 5A. In the reference/bias generator410, regardless of the supply voltage change V_(DD), the voltagesV_(REF) and V_(FUSE) are therefore able to desirably stay separated fromeach other, as is desirable for use in RF wireless dosimeterapplications, for example.

As shown in FIG. 5A, the isolating PMOS 510 cuts off the 3.3 V supplyfrom the low voltage side during programming of the e-Fuses 443 of thefuse cell or memory cell 442. For sensing (reading) of the e-Fuses 443,as V_(DDH) is grounded, V_(DD) is connected through another isolatingcomponent, an isolating PMOS transistor 407 (FIG. 5C) to the e-Fuses443, the PMOS transistor 407 being a programming transistor in theprogramming of the e-Fuses 443. The size of this isolating transistor,such as the isolating PMOS 407, is desirably chosen to minimize thevoltage drop across its drain source. A transmission gate (i.e. an NMOSin parallel with the isolating PMOS 407) is not used in that the aim ofthe design of the reference/bias generator 410 is to operate independentof a 3.3 V signal during the sensing or reading operation which relieson the on-chip generated voltage, such as is desirably utilized forwireless dosimetry applications of an RFID tag, for example.

For the read operation, the reference/bias generator 410 receives theV_(DD) in the range of 0.53 V to 1.2 V, for example, and outputs threesignals. A first signal V_(REF) is used to compare the e-Fuse 443 statewith a set reference voltage in order to decide whether the e-Fuse 443is at a ‘0’ or ‘1’ state. A second signal F_(POS) is provided to asystem memory component block 440 of the RFID tag ID device 400 thatincludes the fuse cell or memory cell 443 that includes the e-Fuses 443,and the signal V_(FUSE) is the fuse voltage coming out of the systemmemory component block 440. A third signal V_(BIAS) is provided thatgoes into a read/write component block 444 of the system memorycomponent block 440 to enable the reading operation of the predeterminedID values of the e-Fuses 443. Also, the signal V_(BIAS) goesspecifically to NMOS transistor B in the read/write component block 444(FIG. 9 ) for the read operation. Also, the signal F_(POS) is the linefeeding the supply voltage and the read current to each of the 8 e-Fuses443, and the signal F_(POS) voltage is desirably at V_(DD) for the readoperation, for example.

The RFID tag ID device 400 also includes a straight ring counter 415that provides a plurality of ring signals, such as the ring signalsRingQ1 to RingQ8, the ring signals RingQ1 to RingQ8 respectivelycorresponding to each of the eight e-Fuses 443 for reading or writingthe corresponding predetermined ID value to the corresponding e-Fuse 443for the predetermined ID of the RFID tag, such as the for the wirelessdosimeter chip-enabled tag 200, for example. The straight ring counter415 facilities an orderly and accurate writing of the bits, orpredetermined ID values, for the e-Fuses 443, since it is not possibleto write all the bits in the e-Fuses 443, such as 8 bits correspondingto 8 e-Fuses in the memory cell or fuse cell 442, at the same time. Thestraight ring counter 415 is operated by the R CLK signal received by agate 412, the R CLK signal generating the ring signals RingQ1 to RingQ8.

The “R CLK” or “Read CLK” is desirably integrated onto the RFID tag IDdevice chip 400 or can be integrated into the wireless dosimeterchip-enabled tag 200, for example, such as to provide clock signals foroperation of the wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 200. A circuitblock which can be implemented to perform the read clock task can be inthe form of a ring oscillator which takes up a very small space on thechip and consumes an ultra-low amount of power compared to the rest ofthe circuit. The frequency of the read clock can be in the range of 10'sof MHz, for example. The amplitude of the read clock signal is desirablyin the range of 0.53 V to 1.2 V. The lower the amplitude the slower thespeed and also the power consumption would be lower. Also, for radiationsensing, the speed of the read clock does not have to be so high sinceradiation sensing does not require nanoseconds of resolution. Howeverthe speed and design of the read clock can depend on the use orapplication of the RFID tag ID device 400, and should not be construedin a limiting sense.

In relation to a desirable feature of the straight ring counter 415 inthe RFID tag ID device 400, it is important to note that if in the worstcase scenario, all the bits of the e-Fuses in the memory cell to bewritten are to be 1's, as in 11111111, then that means if these bitswere to be written in parallel, all the e-Fuses typically would receive10-15 mA of current simultaneously, which can likely damage the chip andwould also mean that the transistors ‘Y’ and ‘W’ (See FIGS. 5A-5D, 7 and9 ) would likely be unrealistically large which would consume space onchip for the RFID tag ID device 400 as would likely add to the cost ofthe production. However, by using the ring counter 415, the number ofbits in the memory design does not change any design parameters, namelythe size of the transistors ‘Y’ and ‘W’, for example, therebyfacilitating the adaptability for expansion, such as in relation to thememory cell and the number of e-Fuses 443, for example.

The RFID tag ID device 400 also includes the gate 412 that receives andprovides read and write clock signals in response to read/write enablesignals as indicated in FIG. 4 to the straight ring counter 415 and toan 8 bit shift register 430 through a gate 424 for the reading andwriting operation of the e-Fuses 443 in the memory cell or fuse cell442.

The RFID tag ID device 400 includes the system memory component block440 that includes the fuse cell or memory cell 442 that includes thee-Fuses 443. The memory system component block 440 also includes aread/write component block 444, an output select/isolation componentblock 448 and a write decision component block 446. Embodiments ofcomponents of the system memory component block 440 and their functionand operation are further illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5E, 7 and 9 , forexample.

FIG. 5D shows a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of thecircuitry for components of the memory system component block 440 ofFIG. 4 for the output select/isolation component block 448 circuitry forembodiments of the RFID tag ID device 400, according to the presentinvention. FIG. 5D illustrates the memory system component block 440 andthe circuitry associated with controlling sensing, or reading, andprogramming of the e-Fuses 443 of the memory cell or fuse cell 442, andillustrates the programming current path and signal conditions for thesensing and programming operations, for example.

FIG. 5D illustrates signal values in the case of programming an e-Fuse443. Qi is any data bit passed to the registers, such as an 8-bit shiftregister 430 of the RFID tag device 400; RingQ1 is the output of thestraight ring counter 415 that starts up after the first 8 clock cycles.The counter's “1” output rotates through the e-Fuse cells 443 one at atime. In other words, the e-Fuses 443 can only be written in series dueto a large amount of current needed to program a fuse. The size of theprogram NMOS has been determined in order to pass a large current andthe routing metals connecting this MOSFET to the e-Fuse 443 and to thesupply (3.3 V) and to ground have also been sized as per layout rules inorder to avoid any electro-migration or ground lifting, or voltage dropalong them. The signal COF is the program enable signal which is set“High=3.3V” for programming and “Low=0 V” for sensing. As illustrated inFIG. 5D, another isolation component, such as an isolating PMOSindicated at the numeral 448, is placed between the outputselect/isolation component block 448, a sense/program circuit block, andthe V_(FUSE) output to a clocked comparator 420 of the RFID tag IDdevice 400 to protect the clocked comparator 420's input from the highvoltages resulting from the programming step of programming the e-Fuses443. The transmission gate only turns ON to sense the e-Fuses 443 one ata time. The V_(FUSE) line is shared among the e-Fuses 443 and thee-Fuses 443 need to be isolated from that line and only one value isloaded onto the line at a time.

As mentioned, the RFID tag ID device 400 of FIG. 4 includes the clockedcomparator 420 that communicates signals with a gate 422, and the gate422 provides signals of the RFID tag ID device 400, as indicated inFIGS. 4 and 5B, to the 8 bit shift register 430 for the reading andwriting operations of the e-Fuses 443 in the memory cell or fuse cell442. Also, read/write enable signals for the read and write operations,as indicated in FIGS. 4, 5B and 5E, 7 and 9 , are provided to the gates422 and 424 in relation to providing values corresponding topredetermined ID values to or from the 8 bit shift register 430 for thereading and writing operations of the e-Fuses 443 in the memory cell orfuse cell 442. The shift register 430 provides the signals Q1 to Q8 forindividually and respectively writing and reading the predetermined IDvalues for the predetermined ID of a RFID tag, such as the wirelessdosimeter chip-enabled tag 200, for example.

FIG. 5B shows a schematic block diagram of the circuitry for anembodiment of a clocked comparator 420 and shift register 430 of theRFID tag ID device 400 in communication with gates 422 and 424 circuitryof the RFID tag ID device 400 of FIG. 4 for reading in a bit datapattern to the registers to be written to the e-Fuses 443 of the fusecell or memory cell 442 for embodiments of the a RFID tag ID device 400,according to the present invention. Programming an e-Fuse within thistechnology requires a ˜3.3 V supply and ˜10-15 mA of DC current for aduration of ≥200 microseconds (μs). FIG. 5B shows the first 8 clockcycles that pushes the 8 bit data pattern to the registers before beingwritten in the next 8 clock cycles and illustrates the reading in the 8bit data pattern to the registers of the shift register 430 to bewritten to the e-Fuses 443. FIG. 5B further indicates in more detail thecircuitry and signals to and from the clocked comparator 420, the gates422 and 424 and to and from the shift register 430 in response toread/written enable signals for the reading and writing operations ofthe e-Fuses 443 in the memory cell or fuse cell 442.

FIG. 5E shows a schematic block diagram in further detail of anembodiment of the clocked strong arm latch comparator 420 and the gates422 and 424 and the circuitry and signals to and from the clockedcomparator 420 and the gates 422 and 424 for sensing the predeterminedID values of the e-Fuses 443 of the fuse cell or memory cell 442 inreading out the predetermined ID values for the corresponding e-Fuses443 for embodiments of a RFID tag ID device 400, according to thepresent invention. FIG. 5F shows a schematic block diagram of circuitryand a schematic circuit chip layout for an embodiment of the clockedcomparator 420 of FIGS. 4, 5B and 5E for embodiments of a RFID tag IDdevice 400, according to the present invention.

The read/write component block 444 receives the ring signals RingQ1 toRingQ8 from the straight ring counter 415 and the read current and writecurrent from the reference/bias generator 410 to provide for reading andwriting the predetermined ID values to and from the e-Fuses 443corresponding to the predetermined ID of the RFID tag, such as the RFIDwireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 200. The read/write component block444 receives the voltage V_(BIAS) from the reference/bias generator 410to provide a voltage to an output select/isolation component block 448of the system memory component block 440. The output select/isolationcomponent block 448 receives the ring signals RingQ1 to RingQ8 alongwith the voltage generated (V_(FUSE INT)) from the read/write componentblock 444 provided from the voltage V_(BIAs) in relation to the readingof each e-Fuse 443 of the memory cell or fuse cell 442. Then the voltagegenerated (V_(FUSE_INT)) gets transferred through the outputselect/isolation component block 448 which creates V_(FUSE). In eachread clock cycle, the voltage of one of the e-Fuses 443 (bits) isreflected on the V_(FUSE) line which gets compared to the V_(REF)through the clocked comparator 420 of the RFID tag ID device 400, and asignal is generated (Fuse Read, FIG. 5B), which is saved in theregisters of the 8-bit shift register 430 of the RFID tag ID device 400.

Continuing with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5C, an embodiment of an e-Fuseprogramming system block including read/write control circuit blocksincluding the write decision component block 446 and the fuse cell ormemory cell 442 are illustrated of the memory system component block 440of the RFID tag ID device 400, with FIG. 5C showing in more detail aschematic block diagram of an embodiment of the circuitry for an e-Fuseprogramming system block components of FIG. 4 . The write decisioncomponent block 446 (“Fuse Write Input” block) receives and provides thesignals indicated in FIGS. 4 and 5C for the write operation to write thepredetermined ID values to the e-Fuses 443 of the fuse cell or systemmemory 442.

Continuing with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5C, in the operation of theread/write control circuit blocks including the write decision componentblock 446 in writing the predetermined ID values to the e-Fuses 443 ofthe fuse cell or memory cell 442, the three signals Qi, RingQ1, and COFneed to be “High” in order for the level shifter inside the writedecision component block 446 (“Fuse Write Input” block) to output a“High=3.3 V” signal to enable a programming NMOS transistor 407 toprovide the programming current. Then the programming current flows asshown in FIG. 5C and FIG. 5D, for example.

An “un-burnt” e-Fuse measures ˜50 Ω to 150 Ω and a burnt one measures˜4,000 Ω. Therefore, the e-fuse memory cell 442 requires a writecircuitry that burns each e-Fuse 443 by applying a high-voltage (˜3.3 V)and a large current (˜10-15 mA) for programming the e-Fuses 443 and alsoa low power sense circuitry, such as for the read/write component block444, that reads the bit string produced by the combination of burnt andunburnt e-Fuses 443 (FIG. 9 ). The application of 3.3 V to each e-Fuse443 cell requires the use of the high-voltage (3.3 V) variation oftransistors for the write stage since, standard transistors, astypically used, cannot withstand such high voltages, for example. Also,during the read operation of the e-Fuses 443 of the fuse cell or memorycell 442, the write decision component block 446 is completely off, suchas indicated in FIG. 9 .

FIG. 6 shows a table 600 illustrating exemplary input signals from readand write operations for the non-volatile memory (NVM) e-Fuses 443 ofthe fuse cell or memory cell 442 for embodiments of the RFID tag IDdevice 400 circuitry of FIG. 4 , associated with writing into the NVMmemory and reading from the NVM memory the predetermined ID valuescorresponding to a predetermined ID of a RFID tag, according to thepresent invention.

The overall read/write operations in reading and writing of the RFID tagpredetermined ID to the e-Fuses 443 of the memory cell or fuse cell 442of the RFID tag ID device 400 desirably requires 8 input signals (pads)and 2 supply pads for V_(DD) and ground, such as generally illustratedin the integrated circuit chip 300 for the RFID tag ID device, with theinput signals being indicated in FIGS. 4, 5A-5E, 7 and 9 , for example.Table 600 shows the input signals for the read and write operations ofthe e-Fuses 443 of the memory cell or fuse cell 442 of the RFID tag IDdevice 400.

Referring to table 600, the Reset signal is used to clear any possiblebit values from the registers of the 8-bit shift register 430 and alsois a necessary signal in conjunction with Pulse in signal to start thestraight ring counter 415. The Read clk signal is used for reading outof the memory bit pattern of the predetermined ID values of the e-Fuses443 from the memory cell or fuse cell 442. The Read clk signal is to begenerated on chip through the use of a ring oscillator of the straightring counter 415 or any other clock generator block. The operatingvoltage of the Read clk signal desirably matches the read operationsupply range of 0.53 V to 1.2V for example. Through the use of a phaseshifter 423 (FIG. 9 ) and a frequency divider the Read clk signal isdivided and two signals are generated which are the Comp clk (ComparatorCLK) signal and the SR clk signal. The Comp clk signal is the comparatorclock for the comparator 420 and the Comp clk signal arrives earlierthan the SR clk signal. The Comp clk signal pre-charges the nodes toV_(DD) on the falling edge as shown in FIG. 5E. On the rising edge ofthis clock, the evaluation period starts where a decision is made basedon the input values to the differential pair, for example.

Continuing with reference to table 600, The Pulse in signal has the taskof starting the straight ring counter 415, which carries a logical “1”through the eight (8) ring signals to the read/write component block444, in the starting of the writing of the predetermined ID values tothe e-Fuses 443; and the outputs of the straight ring counter 415 areidentified as the signals RingQi, RQi, RQib. The Write clk signal isapplied to a separate pad of the RFID tag ID device 400, such as can beexternally applied to the RFID tag ID device 400 or can be appliedinternally from the wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 200 when theRFID tag ID device 400 is integrated with the wireless dosimeterchip-enabled tag 200, for example, to perform the writing task ofwriting the predetermined ID values to the e-Fuses 443. The clockamplitude for the writing operation is set to V_(DD) of 1.2 V and not to3.3 V, for example. The Write clk signal is grounded for the readingoperation of the e-Fuses 443 of the fuse cell or memory cell 442.

Further, with reference to the table 600, the Data Write Enable signalis a constant “1” and is used only during the writing operation ofwriting the predetermined ID values to the e-Fuses 443. The Data WriteEnable signal acts on the multiplexers (MUX's) of the RFID tag ID device400 used to carry out the write or read tasks in reading from or writingto the e-Fuses 443 the predetermined ID values. The Data signal is an 8bit pattern passed to the registers of the 8-bit shift register 430serially before the writing operation of writing to the e-Fuses 443 thepredetermined ID values. The C_OF signal enables or disables the accessto the V_(DDH) supply voltage. The C_OF signal is also necessary forenabling the write operation on each individual e-Fuse 443. The V_(DDH)signal is set at 3.3 V for the writing operation only for writing to thee-Fuses 443 the predetermined ID values. The V_(DDH) signal alsoisolates through the isolating component PMOS 510, the MOSFET T2, shownin FIG. 5A, the standard MOSFETs in the reference current source in thecurrent reference component block 504 from possible damage. The V_(DDH)signal also isolates the input VFuse of the clocked comparator 420 andany possible current path from the fuse cell block 442 shown in FIG. 5Dduring the writing operation for writing to the e-Fuses 443 thepredetermined ID values. The GND signal is set to 0 for the readoperation and the write operation of reading and writing thepredetermined ID values to the e-Fuses 443, for example.

FIG. 7 shows a schematic block diagram of circuitry and a schematiccircuit chip layout for embodiments of a RFID tag ID device 400 of FIG.4 illustrating the write operation of writing the predetermined IDvalues to the e-Fuses 443 showing circuitry associated with andembodiments of methods for the write operation for the non-volatilememory (NVM) e-Fuses 443 of the fuse cell or memory cell 442 for writinginto the NVM memory the predetermined ID values corresponding to a RFIDtag ID, according to the present invention.

Continuing with reference to FIG. 7 , as well as to FIGS. 4 and 5A-5E,an embodiment of the method for the write operation for writing thepredetermined ID values to the e-Fuses 443 and components of the RFIDtag ID device 400 involved in the write operation are described. Thewrite operation involves circuitry and components of the RFID tag IDdevice 400 including the reference/bias generator 410, the ring counter415, the read/write component block 444, the write decision componentblock 446, the output select/isolation block 448, the gates 422 and 424and the 8 bit shift register 430, the function and operation of thesecomponents of the RFID tag ID 400 in relation to the write operation ofthe e-Fuses 443 are indicated in FIG. 7 , for example.

Continuing with reference to FIGS. 4 and 7 , in the write operation ofFIG. 7 , an external pad inputting an external clock signal with anamplitude of 1.2 V with a possible signal period of 400 μs was used inapplication of a clock signal to the RFID tag ID device 400. A fasterclock signal might result in shorter writing time, but such faster clocksignal, might not completely burn an e-Fuse 443 in writing thepredetermined ID value to the e-Fuse 443. A longer clock time could beused, and a clock period value above 400 μs can be used to write thepredetermined ID values to the non-charge-based memory components, thee-Fuses 443, of the memory cell or fuse cell 442, as can depend on theuse, configuration or application of or for the RFID tag ID device 400,and should not be construed in a limiting sense. A voltage forV_(DDH)=3.3 V is applied to the RFID tag ID device 400 in various placesfor the write operation as indicated and shown in FIG. 7 , for example.

In the output select/isolation block 448, the PMOS transistor ‘Z’ gets3.3 V during the write operation. The PMOS transistor “Z” functions as afurther isolating component to isolate the high writing voltage fromgetting to the low-voltage circuitry in the clocked comparator 420.Also, the output select/isolation block 448 desirably includes aPMOS/NMOS combination ‘A’ for the writing and reading operations. As canbe seen from FIGS. 4 and 7 , the Write CLK (W CLK) signal runs the 8-bitshift register 430 and the straight ring counter 415. The first 8 clockcycles are used to feed 8 bits of data (comprised of 0's and 1's) to the8-bit shift register 430 while through the use of the “C_OF” signal, therest of the RFID tag ID device 400 circuit components are not operatingfor this part of the write operation. After the first 8 clock cycles,the 8-bit shift register 430 is full with the data bits to be writteninto the e-Fuses as the predetermined ID values for the predeterminedID. They are located at each of the Q1 to Q8 signal lines from the 8-bitshift register 430. Then the next 8 clock cycles are used to write eachvalue of Q1 to Q8 onto the e-Fuses 443.

In the write operation, the ring counter 415 sequentially creates a ‘1’value within “RingQ1” to “RingQ8” for the corresponding predetermined IDvalue, while the rest of the “Ring Q1” to “Ring Q8” signal values are0's.

For example, the RingQ's created by the ring counter 415 work asfollows:10000000→01000000→00100000→00010000→00001000→00000100→00000010→00000001.

Continuing with reference to FIGS. 4 and 7 for the write operation, theC_OF signal changes value to V_(DD) at the beginning of the 9^(th) clockcycle and the data in each ring signal Q1 to Q8 are sent to the writedecision component block 446 shown in FIGS. 4 and 7 . The three signalsof RingQ, Q, and C_OF are then together combined with an “AND” operationand if all of them are ‘1’, then a “Write Fuse” command shown in FIG. 4is applied to the NMOS in the read/write component block 444 in FIG. 7which then lets a current, such as in a range of 10 mA to 15 mA flowthrough the 1^(st) e-Fuse 443 through the PMOS transistor ‘Y’ in FIG. 7. During the write operation, the MOSFETs in ‘A’, ‘X’ and ‘Z’ in FIG. 7stop any high voltages of approximately 3.3 V to get to other parts ofthe RFID tag ID device 400 circuit which can get damaged by such voltageapplied during the write operation.

The write operation of FIG. 7 then continues for the 2^(nd) e-Fuse 443,again the Ring RingQ2 signal is chosen with Q2 and the C_OF signal, andif the AND operation result is ‘0’, nothing happens to the e-Fuse 443,such that the 2^(nd) e-Fuse 443 remains intact, having the correspondingpredetermined ID value for an intact e-Fuse 443, and no current flowsthrough PMOS ‘Y’ of FIG. 7 . The write operation, as described herein,then continues sequentially for the 3^(rd) through the 8^(th) e-Fuses.After 8 cycles of the write operation for writing the predetermined IDvalues to the eight e-Fuses 443 for the predetermined ID, the RingQsignal has reached it last bit shown above (00000001) for the ringsignal RingQ8 and, as such for an 8-bit memory, no more bits are left tobe written to the e-Fuses 443, therefore, the write session or writeoperation has been completed for the e-Fuses 443 of the fuse cell ormemory cell 442 providing the predetermined ID values for thepredetermined ID that uniquely identifies the RFID tag. Also, the abovewrite operation can be performed for any number of e-Fuses or bits asmay be needed for the predetermined ID, as can depend on the use,configuration or application for the RFID tag ID device 400, and shouldnot be construed in a limiting sense. In the write mode or writeoperation, the value of the V_(DD) signal which operates all the logiccomponents, such as the 8-bit shift register 430, the ring counter 415,and other component blocks of the RFID tag ID device 400 is desirablyset to 1.2 V, for example.

FIG. 8 is a graphic illustration 800 of a fuse writing operation withsample signals plotted as voltage (V) versus time T in microseconds (μs)in embodiments of methods for a write operation to write predeterminedID values into the non-volatile memory (NVM) e-Fuses 443 of the fusecell or memory cell 442 for embodiments of a RFID tag ID device 400 ofFIG. 4 for a corresponding RFID tag, according to the present invention.The graphic illustration 800 of FIG. 8 demonstrates a sample writeoperation signal pattern for the RFID tag ID device 400 for the writeoperation as described in relation to FIG. 7 . It can be seen from thegraphic illustration 800 of FIG. 8 that 4 bits out of 8 bits for thee-Fuses 443 are being burnt by applying 3.3 V which allows a current ofapproximately ≈18.5 mA to pass through the e-Fuses one at a time in thesample write operation for writing the predetermined ID values to theexemplary eight e-Fuses 443 of the memory cell or fuse cell 442corresponding to a predetermined ID for a RFID tag, for example.

FIG. 9 shows a schematic block diagram of circuitry and a schematiccircuit chip layout for embodiments of a RFID tag ID device 400 of FIG.4 illustrating circuitry associated with and embodiments of methods forthe read operation of reading the predetermined ID values from thee-Fuses 443 showing circuitry associated with and embodiments of methodsfor the read operation for the non-volatile memory (NVM) e-Fuses 443 ofthe fuse cell or memory cell 442 for reading from the NVM memory thepredetermined ID values corresponding to a RFID tag ID, according to thepresent invention.

Continuing with reference to FIG. 9 , as well as to FIGS. 4 and 5A-5E,an embodiment of the method for the read operation for reading thepredetermined ID values from the e-Fuses 443 and components of the RFIDtag ID device 400 involved in the read operation are described. The readoperation involves circuitry and components of the RFID tag ID device400 including the reference/bias generator 410, the ring counter 415,the read/write component block 444, the output select/isolation block448, the gates 422 and 424, the 90 degree(90°) read clock phase shifter423, and the 8 bit shift register 430, the function and operation ofthese components of the RFID tag ID 400 in relation to the readoperation of the e-Fuses 443 are indicated in FIG. 9 , for example.

Continuing with reference to FIGS. 4 and 9 , as well as with referenceto FIGS. 5A, 5C and 5E, the sensing operation or reading operation ofthe predetermined ID values of the e-Fuses 443 from the memory cell orfuse cell 442 involves the circuit blocks shown in FIGS. 5A, 5C, and 5Ein addition to a clock input such as provided through the gates 412, 422and 424, the 90 degree(90°) read clock phase shifter 423, and the shiftregisters of the 8-bit shift register 430. Instead of relying onpre-charging the bit line directly connected to the e-Fuses 443, such asthrough access transistors, the read operation circuit topology of theRFID tag ID device 400 desirably pre-charges only the diffusioncapacitances on nodes “X”,

“Y”, “AA” and “BB”, as indicated in FIG. 5E for the clocked comparator420, prior to the sensing or reading operation of the predetermined IDvalues of the e-Fuses 443.

Also, another desirable benefit of the reading operation circuittopology for the clocked comparator 420, such as indicated in FIG. 5E,is that a relatively better or best switching (latching) performance canbe achieved by using minimum size transistors. In such circuit topology,the pre-charger does not have to drive a large capacitor resulting frommany metal routings connecting the e-Fuse nodes in parallel. Otherbenefits of using the circuit topology of FIG. 5E for the clockedcomparator 420 are facilitating consuming zero static power and directlyproducing rail-to-rail outputs, for example. Since this circuit topologyrelies on a voltage gain resulting from the flow of charge from CAA andCBB, the input offset must be a minimum offset in order to increase theread sensitivity (i.e. the minimum input voltage difference detectable).Such desirable circuit topology for the clocked comparator 420, such asa clocked strong arm latch comparator, desirably can be implemented on arelatively symmetric integrated circuit layout for the clock comparator420, such as illustrated in FIG. 5F, for example.

Various considerations were taken into account in the desirability ofthe sensing topology of the RFID tag ID device 400 for the reading orsensing topology for the read operation of the e-Fuses 443. It wasdetermined that a few resistors used in the current reference circuitblock 504 of the reference/bias generator 410 and in the e-Fusereference resistor 506 desirably are of high or relatively high accuracytype. Such high accuracy poly-resistors typically have a smaller processvariation but also occupy a much larger footprint than low accuracypoly-resistors.

In choosing the value of the reference resistor 506, as per thetechnology documentations, a typical eFuse would have a resistance ≥5kiloohms (kΩ). Therefore, the reference resistor 506 was desirably setat 2.5 kΩ, the approximate midpoint between 150 ohms (Ω) and 5 kΩ, forexample. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to determine the trippoint, or the closet value, to the reference resistor 506, correctlydetectable. Also, a relatively conservative design was considered forthe reference resistor 506 in relation to power consumption. Typically,the lower the reference resistor value, the higher the bias currentrunning through the reference resistor, such as the reference resistor506 and the e-Fuses, such as the e-Fuses 443. While it is possible toassume a higher programmed e-Fuse resistance, it is desirable to providefor an e-Fuse resistance that facilitates a robust and reliableoperation, as well as facilitates minimizing the footprint and powerconsumption for the RFID tag ID device 400, for example, particularly asto the desirability of low-power wireless operation of a RFID tag forwireless dosimeter measurements, for example.

Continuing with reference to FIGS. 4 and 9 , as well as with referenceto FIGS. 5A, 5C and 5E, the read operation of reading the predeterminedID values of the e-Fuses 443 is described in more detail. For the “read”operation or “sense” operation, desirably the signal V_(DDH) C_OF=0.0 Vor just the common ground of the chip including the RFID tag ID device400. This facilitates ensuring that the PMOS ‘Y’ is “OFF” or blocked,the PMOS ‘X’ is “ON” or conducting and the PMOS ‘Z’ is “ON” orconducting, as indicated in FIG. 9 . Also, the write decision componentblock 446 is disabled and the NMOS ‘W’ indicated by the numeral 409 inFIG. 5D is “OFF”, as indicated in FIG. 9 . Further, the Read CLK″ or “RCLK” signal for the read operation is applied from an external pad asindicated in FIGS. 4 and 9 , or the Read CLK″ or “R CLK” signal can beapplied internally from the wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag 200, forexample, as well as the “W CLK” or “Write Clk” signal for the writeoperation is disabled, such as by being grounded, since the “W CLK” or“Write Clk” signal is not utilized for the read operation, as the writeoperation, in the case of e-Fuses, only happens during the programmingof the e-Fuses 443, and the predetermined ID values are read, notwritten, during the reading operation, for example.

Also, in the read operation, the “R CLK” signal is sent to the 90degree(90°) read clock phase shifter 423 which generates the comparatorclock and the required clock to the 8-bit shift register 430, as a shiftregister clock signal, which holds the 8-bit e-Fuse 443 values to besent at the end of the read cycle. The 90 degree(90°) read clock phaseshifter 423 desirably facilitates creating a delay between the clockedcomparator 420 and the 8-bit shift register 430 so that the clockedcomparator 420 has enough time to compare the e-Fuse 443 voltage valueto the V_(REF) voltage and then save the corresponding e-Fuse 443voltage value into the 8-bit shift register 430. If the same clock wasused to perform both tasks, then the 8-bit shift register 430 wouldlikely save a random (wrong bit value) and, hence, an error would likelyoccur in the read operation of the e-Fuses 443.

During the read operation, the write decision component block 446 iscompletely off. For the first 8 read clock cycles, the 8-bit shiftregister 430 is filling up with e-Fuse 443 values, and for the next 8cycles, the e-Fuse 443 values can be collected from the Q8 signaloutput, such as from a Q8 signal output pad, from the shift register430, such as in a series read operation, for example. Also, if all 8bits corresponding to the signals Q1 to Q8 are monitored, the memoryvalue can be read in a parallel format from corresponding Q1 to Q8signal outputs, such as from the corresponding Q1 to Q8 signal outputpads, of the shift register 430 after the first 8 clock cycles for theparallel operation, for example. The embodiment of the circuit of thecomparator 420 shown in FIG. 5E is desirably symmetrically laid out inan integrated circuit chip, as indicated and illustrated in FIG. 5F, inview of relatively high sensitivity requirements, such as for arelatively low-power RFID tag for wireless dosimeter applications, forexample.

FIG. 10 is a graphic illustration of a fuse read operation signal flowfor reading the predetermined ID values of the e-Fuses 443 plotted asvoltage in volts (V) versus time T in microseconds (μs) in embodimentsof methods for a read operation, as described in relation to FIG. 4 ,FIGS. 5A, 5C and 5E and 9 , the read operation to read the predeterminedID values of a predetermined ID of a RFID tag from the non-volatilememory (NVM) e-Fuses 443 of the fuse cell or memory cell 442 forembodiments of a RFID tag ID device 400 of FIG. 4 , according to thepresent invention.

Continuing with reference to FIG. 10 , there is illustrated a graphicillustration 1000 of an embodiment for a logical signal flow for a readoperation of the predetermined ID values stored in the memory cell orfuse cell 442 of the RFID tag ID device 400. As illustrated from FIG. 10, with reference to FIG. 4 , FIGS. 5A, 5C and 5E and 9 , as the Comp clksignal goes HIGH, the pre-charging PMOS's of the reference/biasgenerator 410 turn off and the evaluation period begins by turning onthe NMOS as shown in clocked strong arm latch comparator 420 indicatedin FIG. 5E. The two signals being compared are at the inputs of thedifferential pair of signals V_(REF) and V_(FUSE), and the signalsV_(REF) and V_(FUSE). are set up, as indicated from FIG. 10 , tofacilitate a relatively stable signal read operation of thepredetermined ID values of the e-Fuses 443.

In the read operation of FIG. 10 , as the read clk signal rises, theComp clk signal rises and, since the voltage value of V_(FUSE) is lowerthan that of V_(REF), there is no transition in the Fuse Read signal. Asthe first SR clk signal positive signal edge arrives, it passes the “1”to the first register Q1out of the shift register 430. This processduring the RingQ1 signal enables a first e-Fuse 443 to be read. IfV_(FUSE) is less than <V_(REF), then the e-Fuse 443 has been blown (highresistance) which is interpreted as a logical “1”, otherwise if thee-Fuse 443 has not been blown (intact) it is a logical “0” that providesthe corresponding predetermined ID value for the corresponding e-Fuse443.

The above read operation continues for the remaining e-Fuses 443 in thefuse cell or memory cell 442 by repeating the above described operationfor the other RingQ signals, RingQ2 to Ring Q8, for each of theremaining second through eighth e-Fuses 443. As the next e-Fuse 443 isread, the ring Q signal for the previously read e-Fuse 443 goes low andthe next to be read e-Fuse 443 ring Q signal goes high, such as theRingQ1 signal going low and the RingQ2 signal going high for reading asecond e-Fuse 443. If the voltage value V_(FUSE) is less than <V_(REF)for the e-Fuse 443 being read, then the e-Fuse 443 has been blown (highresistance) which is interpreted as a logical “1”, otherwise if thee-Fuse 443 has not been blown (intact) it is a logical “0” for thee-Fuse 443 being read, thereby providing the corresponding predeterminedID value for the corresponding e-Fuse. The reading operation continuesas described until all values of the e-Fuses 443 are determined thatprovide the corresponding predetermined ID for the RFID tag ID deviceassociated with a RFID tag.

Also, it is noted that as the supply voltage is reduced from the nominal1.2 V to 0.53 V for the RFID tad ID device 400, the difference involtage between V_(FUSE) and V_(REF) reduces to the point where reliableread operations are not likely. For the read operation, the currentsource circuit of the current reference component block 504 shown inFIG. 5A advantageously facilitates maintaining a difference between thetwo signal voltages V_(FUSE) and V_(REF) within the supply range tofacilitate a reliable read operation of the predetermined ID values ofthe e-Fuses 443, for example.

Referring now to FIGS. 11-14 , FIG. 11 is a graphic illustration 1100 ofdirect current (DC) current flow through the current source referencecomponent block 504 of the reference/bias generator 410 for embodimentsof a RFID tag ID device 400 of FIG. 4 indicating the current inmicroamperes (μA) versus the voltage V_(DD) (V) for reading thepredetermined ID value of a low resistance, i.e., connected, e-Fuse 443of the fuse cell or memory cell 442, according to the present invention.FIG. 12 is a graphic illustration 1200 of direct current (DC) currentflow through the current source reference component block 504 of thereference/bias generator 410 for embodiments of a RFID tag ID device 400of FIG. 4 indicating the V_(DD) current draw in microamperes (μA) versusthe voltage V_(DD) (V) for reading the predetermined ID value of a highresistance, i.e., blown or not connected, e-Fuse 443 of the fuse cell ormemory cell 442, according to the present invention.

Continuing with reference to FIGS. 13 and 14 , FIG. 13 is a graphicillustration 1300 of direct current (DC) voltage values of V_(REF),V_(FUSE), and V_(BIAS) for embodiments of a RFID tag ID device 400 ofFIG. 4 indicating the voltage (V) versus the voltage V_(P) (V) for a lowresistance, i.e., connected, e-Fuse 443 of the fuse cell or memory cell442 as per V_(DD) sweep, according to the present invention. FIG. 14 isa graphic illustration 1400 of direct current (DC) voltage values ofV_(REF), V_(FUSE), and V_(BIAS) for embodiments of a RFID tag ID device400 of FIG. 4 indicating the voltage in millivolts (mV) versus thevoltage V_(DD) (V) for of a high resistance, i.e., blown or notconnected, e-Fuse 443 of the fuse cell or memory cell 442 as per V_(DD)sweep, according to the present invention.

The information in the graphic illustrations 1100, 1200, 1300 and 1400of FIGS. 11-14 are a result of the read operation described in relationto FIG. 4 , FIGS. 5A, 5C and 5E and 9 . A significant observationindicated from the graphic illustrations 1100, 1200, 1300 and 1400 isthat regardless of the supply voltage change V_(DD), the voltagesV_(REF) and V_(FUSE) stay separated from each other, as is desirable forthe read operation of the e-Fuses 443, as described.

Also, the graphic illustrations 1100, 1200, 1300 and 1400 of FIGS. 11-14were derived from post-layout simulations since real device measurementswould require access to internal nodes on chip for the RFID tag IDdevice 400. However, any results, such as voltage or currentmeasurements described, other than the above mentioned simulations werebased on real device measurements for the RFID tag ID device 400 andmatch the simulation results. Consequently, the simulation results forthe graphic illustrations 1100, 1200, 1300 and 1400 of FIGS. 11-14 canalso be considered as device measurement values for the RFID tag IDdevice 400, for example.

As described, individual transistors' DC current values for the RFID tagID device 400 are shown in FIG. 11 for the case of a “connected” e-Fuse443 and those for a “blown” e-Fuse 443 are shown in FIG. 12 . FIGS. 13and 14 illustrate the difference between V_(REF) and V_(FUSE) as thesupply voltage changes for a connected e-Fuse 443 and a blown e-Fuse443, respectively. As can be seen, except for the 160.3206 μA curve andthe 148.015 μA curve of FIG. 11 and the 144.310 μA curve and the130.6935 μA curve of FIG. 12 all the other currents in FIGS. 11 and 12are substantially unchanged throughout the range of supply voltages forthe RFID tag ID device 400. The −184.118 μA curve in FIG. 11 and the−174.765 μA curve in FIG. 12 illustrate the entire chip's current drawfor the RFID tag ID device 400. The transistors' currents in FIG. 11correspond with the transistors in reference/bias generator 410 of FIG.4 illustrated in more detail in FIG. 5A.

As illustrated from FIGS. 11 and 12 , the current curves for the “T2”and “T10” transistors of the reference/bias generator 410 of FIG. 4 andFIG. 5A are not constant with supply voltage. The transistor “T10”'sgate is biased internally which would make it draw current independentof the supply much like other transistors in the circuit and, therefore,instead of using a PMOS transistor at a location of the referenceresistor 506, the reference resistor 506 is used instead, as illustratedin FIG. 5A.

Use of the reference resistor 506 facilitates that the current in thatbranch of the reference/bias generator 410 is not perfectly independentof the supply. If a PMOS is utilized in the reference/bias generator 410instead of the reference resistor 506, then V_(REF) would stay unchangedor substantially unchanged with supply voltage but, on the other hand,the fuse circuit structure for the fuse or memory cell 442 would not bean exact or substantially exact mirror of that of the reference.Moreover, with a PMOS used in place of the reference resistor 506 in thereference/bias generator 410, V_(REF) would drop to only 10's ofmillivolts where there would be no comparison between each e-Fuse 443and the reference circuit provided by the reference/bias generator 410.Also, a reference resistor (2.5 kΩ) mid-way in value between a connectede-Fuse 443 (100Ω) and a blown e-Fuse 443 (5 kΩ and more) would likelyresult in a more accurate comparison than a reference PMOS if used inplace of the reference resistor 506, for example.

Various iterations of post-layout Monte Carlo simulations and cornerplus temperature simulations were performed on embodiments of the RFIDtag ID device 400 in order to arrive at an optimal or relatively bestpossible solution to the reference versus fuse resistor comparison. Thisdesign iteration of use of the reference resistor 506 was to facilitateachieving a correct and optimum (in term of power consumption) operationof the memory chip as a whole rather than maintaining the current in thereference and fuse branches. Such limitation arises from the fact that acommon branch feeds both the sensing and writing currents to theindividual e-Fuse 443, which means in order to pass 15 mA of currentthrough a PMOS, sizes above 100 μm would be typically needed for eache-Fuse 443 which would likely not be efficient in area.

The memory block including the memory cell or fuse cell 442 of the RFIDtag ID device 400 was successfully tested using a Digilent AnalogDiscovery which generates the necessary input signals to program orsense the memory. Also, the robust operation of the memory blockincluding the memory cell or fuse cell 442 of the RFID tag ID device 400was tested under X-ray radiation using the Raycell MK2 blood irradiator.

The packaged memory chip including the RFID tag ID device 400 wasinstalled on a breadboard with all the input signals attached via a CAT7 shielded cable and passed through the opening from behind the RaycellMK2 irradiator machine. While under radiation, the memory blockincluding the memory cell or fuse cell 442 of the RFID tag ID device 400was read and the correct bit stream previously programmed on the chipfor the RFID tag ID device 400 was output. The supply for the test waskept at the minimum of approximately ˜0.5 V, and a total radiation doseof 150 Gray (Gy) was applied by the Raycell MK2 irradiator machineduring which the memory chip including the memory cell or fuse cell 442of the RFID tag ID device 400 was read continuously to ensure correctoperation.

Also an ionizing radiation exposure session of the memory chip includingthe memory cell or fuse cell 442 of the RFID tag ID device 400 forapproximately 20 minutes using the Raycell MK2 irradiator machine didnot deter the read operation of the RFID tag ID device 400 integratedcircuit chip, thereby indicating its suitable use for a low powernon-volatile non-charge-based variable supply RFID tag memory, such assuitable for use for a RFID tag for a wireless dosimeter for measuringradiation dose delivered to an object or product, such as to a bloodbag, for example.

Embodiments of the RFID tag ID device and the low power non-volatilenon-charge-based variable supply RFID tag memory described hereindesirably facilitate various RFID tag applications, such as for wirelessdosimetry measurements and other wireless identification applications.The RFID tag ID device, such as the RFID tag ID device 400, andembodiments of a low power non-volatile non-charge-based variable supplyRFID tag memory described herein, provide a low-power or an ultra-lowpower, variable supply, non-charge-based, permanent memory cell thatstores an identification bit string therein as an ID, the memory cellbeing on an integrated circuit chip to be used for identification of theassociated chip for wireless transmission and reception related toidentification of the chip, such as for identification of a dosimetertag associated with a product or object being irradiated, such as ablood bag.

The RFID tag ID device, such as the RFID tag ID device 400, andembodiments of a low power non-volatile non-charge-based variable supplyRFID tag memory described herein are crucial or highly desirable to theoperation of an RFID dosimeter tag, such as the necessity to be able toidentify a blood bag from another blood bag, for example.

Also, embodiments of the RFID tag device, such as the RFID tag ID device400, and embodiments of a low power non-volatile non-charge-basedvariable supply RFID tag memory, described herein desirably provide alow power, variable supply, non-charge-based, permanent memory cell forwireless communication that can enable the RIFD tag to send informationback to a reader and, by having the predetermined ID values stored inthe non-charged based memory components, such as the e-Fuses 443, apredetermined ID of the RFID tag corresponding to the predetermined IDvalues of the non-charged based memory components, such as the e-Fuses443, is provided to the reader associated with the product or objecthaving the RIFD tag, such as a blood bag. Embodiments of the RFID tag IDdevice 400 desirably address a potential problem of where there is nospecific identification of the chips associated with a product orobject, for example, which can occur once a read data command is sent tothe RFID tags, in that all of the chips likely would respond back at thesame time as can cause jamming or possible error in reading back datatransmitted, such as the dosimetry data, for example.

Further, embodiments of the RFID tag device, such as the RFID tag IDdevice 400, and embodiments of a low power non-volatile non-charge-basedvariable supply RFID tag memory, described herein address challengesfaced in designing a robust RFID low power, variable supply,non-charge-based, permanent memory cell that can be on an integratedcircuit chip for various wireless applications, such as for use aswireless dosimetry tags.

Additionally, methods for reading and writing the predetermined IDvalues to the non-charge based memory of the RFID tag ID device, such asfor use in identifying the object or product to be irradiated, such as ablood bag, or for other applications for RFID tags, for example, areprovided through the read and write operations in reading and writingthe predetermined ID values to the non-charge-based memory of the RFIDtag ID device using the components and structure of embodiments of theRFID tag device, such as the RFID tag ID device 400, and embodiments ofa low power non-volatile non-charge-based variable supply RFID tagmemory, described herein.

It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to theembodiments described above, but encompasses any and all embodimentswithin the scope of the following claims.

We claim:
 1. A wireless chip-enabled tag, comprising: a processor tocontrol operation of the wireless chip-enabled tag, the processor havingan associated memory to store programs, instructions or data foroperation of the wireless chip-enabled tag; an oscillatorcommunicatively associated with the processor, the oscillator togenerate signals for operation of the wireless chip-enabled tag; ademodulator communicatively associated with the processor to demodulatea received amplitude-shift keying (ASK) signal, the ASK signal includinga received identification (ID); a decoder communicatively associatedwith the processor and with the demodulator, the decoder to decode thereceived ASK signal and the received ID, the wireless chip-enabled tagconfigured to compare the received ID to a predetermined IDcorresponding to the wireless chip-enabled tag; a modulatorcommunicatively associated with the processor to modulate and format aninformation or a data signal for transmission from the wirelesschip-enabled tag; a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag ID devicecommunicatively associated with the processor, the RFID tag ID deviceconfigured for wireless powering by power provided by the received ASKsignal, and the RFID tag ID device including a low power non-volatilenon-charge-based memory including a plurality of non-charge-based memorycomponents, each non-charge-based memory component being configured tobe programmed to store a corresponding predetermined ID value forming apart of the predetermined ID for the wireless chip-enabled tag, the RFIDtag ID device including a reference/bias generator configured to providea reference voltage for comparison with a voltage indicated by acorresponding one of the plurality of non-charge-based memory componentsto determine the stored corresponding predetermined ID value, and thereference/bias generator configured to provide suitable voltage andcurrent for write and read operations for each non-charge-based memorycomponent to respectively write to and read from each non-charge basedmemory component the corresponding predetermined ID value and minimizevoltage fluctuations resulting from the wireless powering of the RFIDtag ID device detrimental to operation of the RFID tag ID device; and aflexible antenna communicatively associated with the processorconfigured to at least receive the ASK signal including the received IDand to transmit to a receiver at least one of the predetermined ID, theinformation or the data signal when the received ID matches thepredetermined ID stored in the RFID tag ID device of the wirelesschip-enabled tag.
 2. The wireless chip-enabled tag of claim 1, wherein:each of the plurality of non-charge-based memory components is anelectronic fuse (e-Fuse).
 3. The wireless chip-enabled tag of claim 1,wherein: the wireless chip-enabled tag is a wireless dosimeterchip-enabled tag for measuring a received dose of radiation delivered toa product or an object associated with the wireless dosimeterchip-enabled tag, and the wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag furthercomprises: a radiation sensor communicatively associated with theprocessor configured to sense an amount of the radiation delivered tothe product or the object, and the information transmitted by theflexible antenna includes the amount of the radiation delivered to theproduct or the object.
 4. The wireless chip-enabled tag of claim 3,wherein: the wireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag is associated with ablood bag and the product or the object comprises blood.
 5. The wirelesschip-enabled tag of claim 4, wherein: each of the plurality ofnon-charge-based memory components is an electronic fuse (e-Fuse). 6.The wireless chip-enabled tag of claim 3, wherein: each of the pluralityof non-charge-based memory components is an electronic fuse (e-Fuse). 7.The wireless chip-enabled tag of claim 3, wherein: the wirelessdosimeter chip-enabled tag further comprises: a temperature sensorcommunicatively associated with the processor to sense the temperatureof the product or the object, and the information transmitted by theflexible antenna further includes the sensed temperature of the productor the object.
 8. The wireless chip-enabled tag of claim 7, wherein: thewireless dosimeter chip-enabled tag is associated with a blood bag andthe product or the object comprises blood.
 9. The wireless chip-enabledtag of claim 8, wherein: each of the plurality of non-charge-basedmemory components is an electronic fuse (e-Fuse).
 10. The wirelesschip-enabled tag of claim 7, wherein: each of the plurality ofnon-charge-based memory components is an electronic fuse (e-Fuse).